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Compendium Of Studies That Measure Learning Mindsets
Section 1: Growth Mindset
Table 1: Developmental Stage, Subject Area, and Representativeness of the Study Samples
Instructions: In the table below, each cell represents the number of studies with a particular demographic and measure type combination. Click the plus sign to the left to see the abridged citations for each study. Click the abridged citation to see more information about the sample size and demographics (or scroll down to see additional information about all the samples in Table 2).
STEM-specific beliefs about ability
Table 2: Compendium Studies: Sample Size and Demographics
Instructions: Use the arrows next to the column headers to sort this table. Press the gray buttons below to view more columns in the table. For example, clicking the button labeled ‘Latinx’ will add a column to Table 2 that is populated with the percentage of Latinx students in each study. Click a citation in the “Article” column to see more details about the study, including selected items, response scales, and the DOI where available (or click here to see additional information about all studies in Table 3).
† Indicates one or more authors is affiliated with Student Experience Research Network as a scholar or an early career fellow or mentor.
| Article | N | Developmental Stage | Geographic Area | Nationally Representative? | Subject Area | Asian | Black | Latinx | Native American | White | Other | First Generation College-goer | Students with Disabilities | Emerging multilingual learners | Women and Girls | Mother’s Highest Level of Education | Family Economic Information | School or Institution Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck (2007) - Study 2 | 99 | Middle Grades | The United States | STEM | 52% | 45% | 3% White and/or Asian | |||||||||||
| Haimovitz & Dweck (2016) - Study 2 | 160 | Caregivers | The United States | General | 35% | 53% had college or higher | ||||||||||||
| Haimovitz & Dweck (2016) - Study 3a | 102 | Caregivers, Elementary School and Middle Grades | The United States | General | 31% | |||||||||||||
| Haimovitz & Dweck (2016) - Study 3b | 100 | Caregivers and Elementary School | California | General | 54% | |||||||||||||
| Haimovitz & Dweck (2016) - Study 4 | 132 | Caregivers | The United States | General | 7% | 12% | 6% | 75% | 57% | 9% had college or higher | ||||||||
| Hong, Chiu, Dweck, Lin, & Wan (1999) - Study 2 | 168 | Two- or Four-Year College | Hong Kong | General | ||||||||||||||
| Rattan, Good & Dweck (2012) - Study 2 | 95 | Two- or Four-Year College | United States East Coast | STEM | 13% | 4% | 11 | 68% | 1% unreported, 3% mixed | 92% | ||||||||
| Rattan, Good & Dweck (2012) - Study 3 | 41 | Instructors | United States West Coast | |||||||||||||||
| Rattan, Good & Dweck (2012) - Study 4 | 54 | Two- or Four-Year College | United States West Coast | STEM | 28% | 15% | 11% | 4% | 39% | 4% biracial | 52% | |||||||
| Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck (2007) - Study 1 | 373 | Middle Grades | The United States | STEM | 27% | 55% | 15% | 3% | 53% Free and reduced lunch | |||||||||
| Rattan, Savani, Naidu, & Dweck (2012) - Study 1b | 100 | Two- or Four-Year College | California and India | General | CA: 30%; India: 43.5% | Competitive universities & middle class background | ||||||||||||
| Broda et al. (2018) | 4,357 | Two- or Four-Year College | Midwest United States | General | 7% | 4% | 78% | 54% | 26% Pell eligible | |||||||||
| Cain & Dweck (1995) | 139 | Elementary School | Midwest United States | General | 3% | 13% | 84% | 50% | ||||||||||
| Canning, Muenks, Green, & Murphy (2019) | 150 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | STEM | 5% underrepresented minority | 27% | ||||||||||||
| Chen (2012) | 1,225 | Middle Grades | The United States | STEM | 19% | 16% | 10% | 48% | 3% | 41% | 28% Free and reduced lunch | |||||||
| Chen & Pajares (2010) | 508 | Middle Grades | Southeast United States | STEM | 48% | 10% | 16% | 19% | 3% | 42% | 28% Pell eligible | |||||||
| Claro, Paunesku, & Dweck (2016) | 168,552 | High School | Chile | Yes | General | |||||||||||||
| Destin, Hanselman, Buontempo, Tipton, & Yeager (2019) | 4,828 | High School | The United States | Yes | General | 4% | 11% | 22% | 45% | 18% other, including multiracial | 50% | 34% bachelors or higher | ||||||
| Good, Aronson, & Inzlicht (2003) | 138 | Middle Grades | Texas | General | 15% | 63% | 22% | 45% | Low income | |||||||||
| Gunderson et al. (2013) | 53 | Caregivers, Early Childhood and Middle Grades | Illinois | General ; STEM | 64% | 11% | 17% | 8% two or more races | 45.30% | Ranged from 10-18 years, with an average of 15.9 years | Income ranged from 15K to 100K, with average of 61K | |||||||
| Gunderson et al. (2018) | 53 | Caregivers and Elementary School | The United States | General | 17% | 11% | 64% | 8% mixed racial background | Less than high school to advanced | Mean income: 62K (15K- 100+K) | ||||||||
| Haimovitz & Dweck (2016) - Study 1 | 73 | Caregivers and Elementary School | California | General | 95.8% college educated | |||||||||||||
| Haimovitz, Wormington, & Corpus (2011) | 978 | Elementary School and Middle Grades | Oregon | General | 12% | 11% | 79% | 21-74% Free and reduced lunch | ||||||||||
| Heyder, Weidinger, Cimpian, & Steinmayr (2019) | 886 | Elementary School and Instructors | Germany | STEM | German was the first language | 60% had <100 books at home (low income) | ||||||||||||
| Hong, Chiu, Dweck, Lin, & Wan (1999) - Study 1 | 97 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 51% | |||||||||||||
| Leslie, Cimpian, Meyer, & Freeland (2015) | 1,820 | Instructors | The United States | STEM | 100% | |||||||||||||
| Mueller & Dweck (1998) | 128 | Elementary School | Midwest and Northeast United States | General | 19% | 31% | 50% | |||||||||||
| Muradoglu & Cimpian (in press) | Early Childhood | General | ||||||||||||||||
| Rattan, Good & Dweck (2012) - Study 1 | 41 | Two- or Four-Year College | United States West Coast | STEM | 44% | 5% | 20% | 2% | 29% | 66% | ||||||||
| Rattan, Savani, Naidu, & Dweck (2012) - Study 1a | 148 | Two- or Four-Year College | California and India | General | CA: 65.8% India: 59.4% | Competitive universities & middle class background | ||||||||||||
| Romero, Master, Paunesku, Dweck, & Gross (2014) | 115 | Middle Grades | The United States | General | 36% | 2% | 6% | 37% | 16% multiracial | 56% grad college, 31% some college; 6% high school | ||||||||
| Seo, Shen, & Alfaro (2019) | 14,320 | High School | The United States | Yes | STEM | 10% | 14% | 16% | 61% | 50% | ||||||||
| Sun (2018) | 40 | Instructors | California | STEM | ||||||||||||||
| Yeager et al. (2016) | 7,501 | High School | The United States and Canada | STEM | 5% | 6% | 17% | 3% | 48% | 53% bachelor or higher | ||||||||
| Yeager et al. (2019) | 12,490 | High School | The United States | Yes | STEM | 4% | 11% | 24% | 43% | 18% another race or ethnicity | 29% mother had bachelor's degree or higher |
