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Compendium Of Studies That Measure Learning Mindsets
Section 2: Belonging
Table 1: Developmental Stage, Subject Area, and Representativeness of the Study Samples
Instructions: In the table below, each cell represents the number of studies with a particular demographic and measure type combination. Click the plus sign to the left to see the abridged citations for each study. Click the abridged citation to see more information about the sample size and demographics (or scroll down to see additional information about all the samples in Table 2).
STEM-specific beliefs about belonging
Two- or Four-Year College12
Lewis & Hodges (2015) – Study 2Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) – Study 3Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) – Study 2Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) – Study 1, Sample 2Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) – Study 4Walton, Logel, Peach, Spencer, & Zanna (2015)Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) – Study 3Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) – Study 2Lewis & Hodges (2015) – Study 1Harackiewicz, Canning, Tibbetts, Priniski, & Hyde (2016)Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) – Study 1, Sample 1Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) – Study 1
Beliefs about belonging
Two- or Four-Year College161
Fong, Alejandro, Krou, Segovia, & Johnston-Ashton (2019) – Sample 2Gopalan & Brady (2019)Fong, Alejandro, Krou, Segovia, & Johnston-Ashton (2019) – Sample 1Walton & Cohen (2007) – Study 2Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) – Study 4, Sample 2Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) – Study 4, Sample 1Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) – Study 3, Sample 2Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) – Study 3, Sample 1Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) – Study 2, Sample 2Lee & Robbins (1995) – Sample 2Walton & Cohen (2007) – Study 1Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) – Study 2, Sample 1Mendoza-Denton, Downey, Purdie, Davis, & Pietrzak (2002) – Study 3Lee & Robbins (1995) – Sample 1Hurtado & Carter (1997)Hoffman, Richmond, Morrow, & Salomone (2003)Broda et al. 2018
Table 2: Compendium Studies: Sample Size and Demographics
Instructions: Use the arrows next to the column headers to sort this table. Click the gray buttons below to view more columns in the table. For example, clicking the button labeled ‘Latinx’ will add a column to Table 2 that is populated with the percentage of Latinx students in each study. Click a citation in the “Article” column to see more details about the study, including selected items, response scales, and the DOI where available (or click here to see additional information about all studies in Table 3). Articles with more than one distinct sample occupy multiple rows.
† Indicates one or more authors is affiliated with Student Experience Research Network as a scholar or an early career fellow or mentor.
| Article | N | Developmental Stage | Geographic Area | Nationally Representative? | Subject Area | Asian | Black | Latinx | Native American | Hawaiian and/or Pacific Islander | White | Other | First Generation College-goer | Students with Disabilities | Emerging multilingual learners | Women and Girls | Mother’s Highest Level of Education | Family Economic Information | School or Institution Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lewis & Hodges (2015) - Study 2 | 253 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | STEM | 71% | 70% | |||||||||||||
| Fong, Alejandro, Krou, Segovia, & Johnston-Ashton (2019) - Sample 2 | 887 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 4% | 15% | 12% | 0% | 60% | 9% | |||||||||
| Gopalan & Brady (2019) | 23,750 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | Yes | General | ||||||||||||||
| Furlong, O'brennan, & You (2011) | 500,800 | High School and Middle Grades | California | General | 14% | 5% | 36% | 2% | 1% | 35% | 7% Biracial | 54% | |||||||
| Fong, Alejandro, Krou, Segovia, & Johnston-Ashton (2019) - Sample 1 | 887 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 100% | 56% | ≈67% of students employed, most work >30 hours per week | Median enrollment of Indigenous-identifying students = .5% across institutions |
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| Walton & Cohen (2007) - Study 2 | 55 | Two- or Four-Year College | Northeast United States | General | 46% | 55% | |||||||||||||
| Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) - Study 4, Sample 2 | 80 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 1% | 10% | 15% | 65% | 9% Identified as other or did not report | 0% | |||||||||
| Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) - Study 4, Sample 1 | 67 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 8% | 10% | 24% | 2% | 49% | 8% Identified as other or did not report | 100% | 60% | Avg income = 50K-75K | ||||||
| Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) - Study 3, Sample 2 | 46 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 15% | 2% | 13% | 53% | 17% Identified as other or did not report | 0% | Avg income = ≈80K | ||||||||
| Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) - Study 3, Sample 1 | 42 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 43% | 2% | 26% | 7% | 14% | 7% Identified as other or did not report | 100% | Avg income = ≈45K | |||||||
| Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) - Study 2, Sample 2 | 1,179 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 22% | 10% | 11% | 3% | 39% | 14% Identified as other or did not report | 0% | 7% Low income | |||||||
| Master, Cheryan, & Meltzoff (2015) - Study 1, Sample 2 | 111 | High School | Northwest United States | STEM | 3% | 29% | 24% Asian/Pacific Islander | 29% | 8% Multiracial 3% Other | 46% | 65% Free and reduced lunch | ||||||||
| Master, Cheryan, & Meltzoff (2015) - Study 2 | 104 | High School | Northwest United States | STEM | 9% | 27% | 19% Asian/ Pacific Islander | 30% | 14% Multiracial 1% Other | 46% | |||||||||
| Lee & Robbins (1995) - Sample 2 | 310 | Two- or Four-Year College | Southeast United States | General | 5% | 20% | 2% | 68% | 63% | ||||||||||
| Goodenow & Grady (1993) - Sample 2 | 103 | Middle Grades | Northeast United States | General | 1% | 7% | 76% | 16% | 42% | ||||||||||
| Goodenow & Grady (1993) - Sample 1 | 198 | Middle Grades | Northeast United States | General | 1% | 45% | 16% | 34% | 5% Unreported | 44% | |||||||||
| Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) - Study 3 | 1,005 | Two- or Four-Year College | United States East Coast | STEM | 24% | 6% | 6% | 55% | 9% Other or unidentified | 54% | |||||||||
| Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) - Study 2 | 73 | Two- or Four-Year College | Northeast United States | STEM | 32% | 21% | 8% | 38% | 1% Other or unidentified | 59% | |||||||||
| Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) - Study 1, Sample 2 | 498 | Two- or Four-Year College | Northeast United States | STEM | 20% | 4% | 3% | 45% | 28% Other or unidentified | 52% | |||||||||
| Covarrubias & Fryberg (2015) - Study 2 | 117 | Middle Grades | Washington | General | 61% | <1% | 1% Multiracial | 67% (42% Native American , 25% White) | 46% Free and reduced lunch 7% Asian 3% Black 8% Latinx 39% White 23% Native American |
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| Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) - Study 4 | 96 | Two- or Four-Year College | Washington | STEM | 80% | ||||||||||||||
| Walton, Logel, Peach, Spencer, & Zanna (2015) | 228 | Two- or Four-Year College | Canada | STEM | 34% South Asian/ Middle Eastern | 38% | 20% Unknown | 40% | |||||||||||
| Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) - Study 3 | 85 | Two- or Four-Year College | Washington | STEM | 73% | ||||||||||||||
| Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) - Study 2 | 34 | Two- or Four-Year College | Georgia | STEM | 100% | ||||||||||||||
| Walton & Cohen (2007) - Study 1 | 69 | Two- or Four-Year College | Northeast United States | General | 51% | 49% | 58% | ||||||||||||
| Stephens, Fryberg, Markus, Johnson, & Covarrubias (2012) - Study 2, Sample 1 | 245 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 23% | 13% | 37% | 7% | 13% | 7% Identified as other or did not report | 100% | 46% Low income | |||||||
| Wallace, Ye, & Chhuon (2012) - Phase 2 | 890 | High School | Pennsylvania | General | 1-2% | 28-40% | .5-1% | 1-3% | 0-.5% | 30-39% | 18-24% multiracial; 3-5% unknown | 48-54% | |||||||
| Mendoza-Denton, Downey, Purdie, Davis, & Pietrzak (2002) - Study 3 | 66 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 71% | ||||||||||||||
| Maloney & Matthews (2020) | 321 | Elementary School, High School and Middle Grades | Northeast United States | STEM | 56% | 30% | 13% other, predominantly multiracial | 85% of students were eligible for free-reduced lunch |
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| Sanchez, Colon, & Esparza (2005) | 143 | High School | Midwest United States | General | 4% | 42% Mexican 39% Puerto Rican 9% Other Latinx 6% Biethnic Latinx | 52% | 53% < High school 35% High school diploma | 59% From two-parent household 32% From one-parent household | 85% Free and reduced lunch 53% Graduation rate 95% Latinx (48% Mexican; 40% Puerto Rican, 8% other Latinx) 2% Other |
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| Matthews, Banerjee, & Lauermann (2014) | 600 | Middle Grades | New York | General | 38% | Dominican: 26% Puerto Rican: 18% Latinx (no ethnic delineation): 9% Mexican: 5% | 1% Biracial <1% Other | 43% | 25% < High school 34% High school diploma 22% High school diploma plus some higher education 11% Associate's degree 6% Bachelor's Degree 2% Advanced degree | ||||||||||
| Lewis & Hodges (2015) - Study 1 | 605 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | STEM | 73% | 65% | |||||||||||||
| Master, Cheryan, & Meltzoff (2015) - Study 1, Sample 1 | 54 | High School | Northwest United States | STEM | 4% | 2% | 7% Asian/ Pacific Islander | 72% | 11% Multiracial 2% Other | 48% | 17% Free and reduced lunch | ||||||||
| Goyer et al. (2019) - Study 2 | 137 | Middle Grades | Northeast United States | General | 50% | 50% | 53% | 93% White instructors |
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| Lee & Robbins (1995) - Sample 1 | 311 | Two- or Four-Year College | Southeast United States | General | 10% | 19% | 2% | 66% | 65% | ||||||||||
| Hurtado & Carter (1997) | 272 | Two- or Four-Year College | The United States | General | 99% | 58% | |||||||||||||
| Hoffman, Richmond, Morrow, & Salomone (2003) | 205 | Two- or Four-Year College | Rhode Island | General | |||||||||||||||
| Harackiewicz, Canning, Tibbetts, Priniski, & Hyde (2016) | 1,040 | Two- or Four-Year College | Midwest United States | STEM | 8% Underrepresented Minority | 21% | 60% | ||||||||||||
| Goodenow (1993) | 353 | Middle Grades | New England | General | 7% | 93% | 47% | ||||||||||||
| Good, Rattan, & Dweck (2012) - Study 1, Sample 1 | 499 | Two- or Four-Year College | Northeast United States | STEM | 21% | 3% | 5% | 47% | 24% Other or unidentified | 55% | |||||||||
| Covarrubias & Fryberg (2015) - Study 1 | 90 | Middle Grades | Washington | General | 100% | 37% Free and reduced lunch 8% Asian 3% Black 10% Latinx 69% White 11% Native American |
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| Cheryan, Plaut, Davies, & Steele (2009) - Study 1 | 39 | Two- or Four-Year College | California | STEM | 56% | ||||||||||||||
| Anderman (2003) | 618 | Middle Grades | Southeast United States | General | 9% | 88% | 3% | 60% | 44%+ Free and reduced lunch School poverty level: 14-62% |
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| Broda et al. 2018 | 4,357 | Two- or Four-Year College | Midwest United States | General | 7% | 4% | 78% | 54% | 26% Pell eligible |
