Early Adulthood (18-25 years)

Turning the knots in your stomach into bows: Reappraising arousal improves performance on the GRE

Social-Psychological Interventions in Education: They’re Not Magic

Improving the performance of college freshmen with attributional techniques

How Can We Instill Productive Mindsets At Scale? A Review of the Evidence and an Initial R&D Agenda. A White Paper prepared for the White House meeting on “Excellence in Education: The Importance of Academic Mindsets.”

Improving the academic performance of college freshmen: Attribution theory revisited

Race and the schooling of black Americans

Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement gap

Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence

In one experiment, college students who believed they were writing motivational letters to middle schoolers about intelligence being malleable later earned higher grades than those in a control group. The effect was most pronounced for African American students, who also reported enjoying school more.